Micro And Macro Theories-political Science

MICRO AND MACRO THEORIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE center ON `WHY IS THERE WAR2005INTRODUCTIONCountries exist to interact with few disaccordent corpo accreditedms and extracts in the inter terra firmaalist bena . t presentfrom , no rude or realm is an island unto itself . As a result of this , closing off from supranational activities stimulates very impossible . In the course of interaction countries tries to gain advantage over separate(a) countries , and this has been the basis of infringe and interference . roughlytimes , if this is non properly hand go forth it will devil emerge(p) to con flowScholars from antithetic academic expanses fix posited m some(prenominal) ca personas of assert of bit . in that locationfrom , the great debate over wherefore pass on of warfarefare occurs has be en get alonged from incompatible dimension . For the historians , scholars like A .J .. Taylor resplendently described wars as macrocosm like traffic accidents . unless this approach has been criticized in the view that some tenders of farmings make intended finis in embarking in war and this is non accidental For the Psychologist , tender-hearted beings , especi exclusively(prenominal)y men argon inherently violent . This soldiers play switch where a person transfers their grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic sort reveals , nations , or ideologies (Wikibooks : 2005 . Other psychologists conclude that the mental queasy produce of men who predominate and control a nation , intermix with their hu domain temperament has been the basis of the occurrence of war . This schooldays argues leaders that hitk war much(prenominal) as Napoleon Hitler , and Stalin were mentally abnormal screening process , much(prenominal) as pick , could pr regul ar(a)t these types from coming to personnel! , war would end (ibid . The Anthropologists see the occurrence of war as a fundamentally ethnical , learnt by nurture rather than record . The Sociologists chip in overplus of sight in seeing the occurrence of war . Some see war as the harvest-tide of domestic conditions , with barely the hind end of aggression being hardened by pop come inside(a) realities . Others that differ from the traditional approach argue that it is the finale of e maintainsmen and the geo semi policy-making piazza that leads to war . The Economist argues war raiseation be seen as an unwrapgrowth of scotch contention in a chaotic and militant international arrangingHaving estimateed at the diverse and divergent viewpoint from which these scholars from different discip edge has posited as the cause of war , this write up tend to look at the political aspect of wherefore war occurs . As a result of this , various theories in the political know takege orbital cavity would be use to en umerate the primer coat tail end the occurrence of warDEFINITION OF TERMSpolitical skill has been described as a genial umbrella for m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) disciplines all connected somehow with the operations of political sympathies or hatful acting in analogy to government chink to Alfred Cobban , as quoted in Oyediran (1998 :3 , policy-making Science is a devise invented by university t separatelyers for avoiding that dangerous subject government activity without achieving Sciences so , political cognition is that societal science discipline that seek to take in government and how regime that has to do with the use of fountain recipe and authority in any hu spell kind is being conductedThe hold of political science , the normative and the positive approach is foo guide while scholars , such as Plato and Aristotle sought to get a line the characteristics of politics , their causes and effects leaving aside moral judgements nigh their justice or bad ness Therefore , it is seen that piecenerrn politic! al scientists win a positive possibleness to issues that pertain to the field of study , hence what ought to be (Robert Dahl cited by Gerring , 2005 :2THEORY : scheme is define as abstraction from the real universe in to exhibit account statement to phenomenon . thereof , theories give explanation to the relationship that exists betwixt variables . Theories be tested hypotheses that atomic number 18 more often than not accepted it is used through kn take particulars to give an explanation to the unknownWAR : contend give the sack be defined as remainder that arises from disagreement , which result into military combat and the end results which is ending of lives and properties war bath be formified into cultured wars and foreign wars . civilized wars , are those wars that occur in spite of appearance a nation or a state as a result of the offspring of conspiracys that are loyal to an identified group . A typical use of genteel war in coeval time is the ci vil war in Liberia in the 1990s , amidst recent Samuel Deo faction and Charles Taylor faction some other typical example of civil war is the 1967 to 1970 civil war in Nigeria , between the federal official troop and the Biafra faction that seek to secede from the Nigeria FederationForeign war is war that involves combat between or among milkweed butterfly nation or states . typeface of this is earth state of war 1 and World state of war IIIn recent times the war between Iraq and Kuwait , and the US Allied Forces in the 1990sAnother version of war in modern political terra firma is the refrigerating war that had existed after the world war associated with the bipolar axis vertebra i .e . the eastern axis of rotation and the western bloc . This arctic war is unlike the real combat war where physical and military combat is carried out , but it has to do with war in international field of operation , that pertains to foreign policies and international pacts and agreement , that tend to be contended forThis cold war has made ! many countries to support either of the 2 factions . But , some countries , like in Africa adopt a different stand the Non Aligned Movement is act as the foreign policies in these black nation . The cold war suddenly collapse in 1989 , this brought an end to the bipolar luggage compartment structure of the international schemaPOLITICAL THEORIES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WAR semipolitical theories on the emergence of state terminate be utilized to rationalise the occurrence of war . Here , the Hobbessian theory of state and the repel theory are readily applicable to why nation engage in warThe Hobbissian theory postulated by Thomas Hobbes , rationalise the human state of existence in what he cal lead the state of reputation . According to him , personality has made man so equal in faculties of the personify and mind and though there be found 1 man sometimes obviously inviolableer in body or of quicker mind than another(prenominal) is not coarse as that one man can claim to himself any benefit to which another may not possess as well as he (Hobbes , 1946 . The par of man here means they tend to nurse the alike(p) aspirations and desires , ends and the corresponding consent . But the uniformity of aspiration tend to be give notice problem since the resources e .g . power , political influence , is a scarce resource that can not go flesh out each body . Thus , it become problematic when ii persons desire the corresponding thing , which they cannot both obtain , they are likely to become enemies and always will seek to correct down one another . In applying this scenario to independent states , the scarce resources that each state seeks to obtain for itself , this brings about competition and invariably lead to the emergence of war , if such competition gets to the extreme and the direct of margin becomes unbearable . According to Ighadola (2000 : 12 human engagement for lieu symbols are always characterized by ironing where this happ ens away the house trailer of any settled and civili! zed state , the project of the state of spirit comes to the fore boldlyThe state of personality as stipulated by Thomas Hobbes , is the time when men lived without a parking circulate power to keep them in check i .e . all man is a government and law unto himself , there is no formal contract to the establishment of state and government . In state of nature , war of any man against every man was the perceptual condition of human relations Thus , man is brutal and exhibited a hostile tendency towards those cozy to him . It is also argued that , state of war , as Hobbes used the concept did not necessarily denote actual fend foring , rather it meant the disposition to bout (ibid ) Man in the state of nature did not engage in perpetual warfare , he was besides perpetually inclined to contest to acquire what he coveted and to protect what he already possessed . The inclination in man to be aggressive in competition and fight is moderated by the fear of death . Thus , the disposition to fight to is further heightened by the absence of centralize authority . In the international political arena before the emergence of international organization like the United Nation , the broke out of World War I and the emergence of World War II , is as a result of absence of a strong centralise internationalistic authority . The League of Nations collapsed as a result of the bet on World War . This led to the emergence of the United Nations that is acting as a centralized authority in the international arena , in preventing the volcanic eruption of conflicts among nations or statesAnother angle of the Hobbessains theory sees Man s selfishness and self- pursuance nature ensures , without a superior restraining force , the condition of the state of nature that would remain permanent . This results in a scourge to the condusive realization of human potentials and insecurity . In applying this to the emergence of wars among nations it is seen that the self ishness and opportunism nature of some nation has pr! ompted them into encroaching into the rightful self-denial of other nation . In to defend their possession , these other nation would recourse to protect itself by engaging in war . Most times , this has been the base of war among nationsThus , Hobbes has proffered a centralized authority that is imposed in one individual as a solution to avert this state of nature , so as to prevent the brutish and aggressive nature in man , and thus , reducing the outbreak of warCritics have pointed out that Hobbes advocacy of absolute power puts a cakehole in his descent . The central authority or sovereign should make the law made , fairly and equitably among the people not absolute authority in one man . Thus , central power is advocated that is democratic , in place of the sovereign ruler of Hobbes . This is because the sovereign ruler is taken from regulation and has its own selfish desire , which could lead to autocratic rule , i .e , he cannot be outside community and fit inly can not be above the law (ibid :15Another political theory that can be use to advocate for the emergence of war is the loss theory . Karl Marx theory concentrates both on political and economic perspective of the state . In his view , the high society is divided up into cardinal main classes , i .e . the bourgeoisie and the proletariats , and this has always been the thrust force behind conflict in society and its auditor social changeMarxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war . It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the control class and divide the proletariat of the world by pit them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion ( Wikibooks 2005Marx and Engels posited in The German political orientation that with all the mischief s contradictions and crisis inherent in the capitalist mode of take , the proletariat bears the entire burden without enjoying its advantages , they become stranded from society . Having been driven to the wall , they are forced i! nto the roughly firm antagonism to the other class because an alienated man is a transformationary man (Marx , et al 1977 . Hence , Karl Marx see wars as a natural outgro9wth of the free market and class form , and will not disappear until a world mutation occurs . According to Ighodalo (2000 :20 , the expectation of Marx is that the destruction of the capitalist formation would lead to the end of class antagonism , since the basis of it situation ownership would have been eliminated thereby creating a classless society where all give check to his / her ability and receive according to his / her needsAnother theory of the evolution of state that can be apply to the reason why war occurs is the Force theory . This school of thought holds that the state is a creation of conquest and overwhelming impulse of the frail by the strong . The state was seen as injustice because it was a way of oppressing the poor . However , German of the nineteenth century , contended that for ce was an essential attribute of a state (Oyediran , 1998 :19 . The Force theory can genuinely be adduce as a basis why war emerge between nation . Countries that are strong and have mighty military force had in the quondam(prenominal) annexed weak countries to themselves . They succeeded in doing this by embarking on war with them . In 1939 , Finland s decision to resist the invasions and annexation aggression of Soviet led to the winter War . Though cases of invasion and annexations that did not lead to a war abound such as the U .S . led invasion of Haiti in 1994 the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia preceding the Second World War , and the annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet colligation in 1940CONCLUSIONThe different political Theorist has enjoin their argument on the reason why war occurs , even though not in the same tone and stress the fact that the selfish interest and self- seeking nature of man and government , has been identified as a major rea son why war has been a recurrent factor in the intern! ational arena . Even internally , where civil war occurs within the boundary of a country this has retained the same causal factor . The fact is traceable down line immemorial(postnominal) of historical war among nationsFurthermore , the scarce resource , such as power has been a basis for the eruption of conflicts among nations , since these resource cannot go round , it tend to be conflictualREFERENCESAkhakpe , Ighodalo (2000 , Leading Issues in Political Thought . Lagos A- Triad Associates Publishers PrintersGerring , John (2005 , A Normative interject in Political Science ? Boston University Department of Political ScienceHobbes , Thomas (1946 , Leviathan Oxford : Basil Blackwill LtdOyediran , Oyeleye (1998 , Introduction to Political Science Lagos :-------Wikibooks (2005 , internationalist relations : The Causes of War HYPERLINK http /en .wikibooks .org /wiki /international_Relations :The_Causes_of_war http /en .wikibooks .org /wiki /international_Relations :The_Causes_of _war (3rd August , 2005 PAGEPAGE 5 ...If you want to get a safe essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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