Lady Macbeth Has Been Described as the ‘Fourth Witch’

peeress Macbeth is an insidious and complex cause. Throughout the course of the novel, she manipulates her husband, Macbeth, and spurs him to commit his get-go murder in order for him to ultimately achieve what she believes he deserves. noblewoman Macbeth is shown to the audience as a loyal wife who wants the best for his husband, that at the same time, she is visualized as a malicious character f fixed storage the very beginning of the play. The line between an black human being, and a scheming witch, is so fine that chick Macbeth could easily be either.The detail that the three Weird Sisters predictions would not have become true without the ultimate influence of skirt Macbeth provokes the thought that, perhaps wench Macbeth is more than an anti-mother and a schemer, perhaps she is a witch. This possibility would also change the nature of the witches from the future-seers they ar portrayed as, to merely influencers of a string of plaints that they plan. In order to sp eciate or associate bird Macbeth from or to the weird sisters, the similarities and differences of Lady Macbeth and the witches mustiness be explored.Firstly, Lady Macbeth and the witches both call on to evil forces at times of need, such as when Lady Macbeth cries Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,(I, 5, 39-40) to discard her feminine traits in order for her to in conclusion be successful in fulfilling the witches plan by spurring Macbeth to eat up Duncan. This invocation signifies a link between Lady Macbeth and the supernatural, or witchcraft, which is utilise by her and the witches.Soon after the invocation, she questions Macbeths manhood by grievous him that When you durst do it, then you were a man/ And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man. (I, 7, 49-51). As Lady Macbeth discarded her female traits and understands the true nature of a man, she began to sh atomic number 18 a certain grammatical gender ambiguity wi th the witches, Banquo observes the genderless appearance in the witches when he proclaims You should be women / And yet your beards negative me to interpret / That you are so. (I, 3, 46-48). If Lady Macbeth had successfully connected with the evil forces in her invocation scene, then both the witches and Lady Macbeth exhibit an androgynous character, although Lady Macbeth notwithstanding has masculine mental traits, while the witches have a masculine physical appearance as well as mental character. some other common trait between Lady Macbeth and witches is that both are anti-mothers.The myths of witches through and through history are seen as anti-mothers, and Lady Macbeth reveals this evil characteristic rom within herself, and the fact of a previous maternal relationship when she says I have given suck I would have plucked my knocker from his boneless gums,/ And dashed the brains out (I, 7, 54-58). This shocking statement shows Lady Macbeths evil thoughts, which no mother could have for her child, in turn making her an anti-mother, which would in all likelihood have been linked to witchcraft by the original audiences in Shakespeares day, if not by todays audiences.Parallel phrase with Lady Macbeth and the Weird Sisters are also evident in the play. The witches refer to cleansing swine (I, 3, 2) early in the play, and Lady Macbeth unknowingly echoes this when she refers to the two chamberlains as in a swinish sleep, (I, 7, 67). The chamberlains are grantd by Macbeth, to avoid any demerit in their plan of the murder of Duncan. The sacrifice of swine has been known as a common act of mythical witches since before Shakespeares day, and again, cogitate Lady Macbeth to witchcraft.The use of The aforementioned term (swinish sleep) corresponding with the sacrifice of the men being described as such, would be a suggest to the audience of Lady Macbeths witch-like character, and would have, once again, have connected Lady Macbeth to witchcraft for the aud ience of Shakespeares day. Unlike the witches, Lady Macbeth shows signs of vulnerability, and becomes wracked with guilt. This is evident in her sleepwalking scene, when she says Out damned spot Out, I say (VI, 1, 31) She, at that point in time, was haunted by the sight of blood on her hands, and was convinced the blood was still there, showing signs of madness as she becomes mentally unhinged. Lady Macbeths recollection of Macbeths words after Duncan was hit also haunted and festered within her as shown when she starts to echo Macbeths statements and fears, when she tell To bed, to bed theres knocking at the gate (VI, 1, 59) When Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking and imagines that she is in hell, as shown by her statement Hell is murky, (VI, 1, 32) she does not appear on stage again, and dies offstage.The two most likely scenarios for her finish would be suicide, or an act involving the doctor and/or the gentlewoman, as they were the only people that witnessed the truth about the mur ders. If suicide was the cause of Lady Macbeths death, as is likely, an even deeper level of guilt is shown and this emotional trauma matte by Lady Macbeth is not felt by the witches. These signs of weakness are opposite word to the connection she had with the evil spirits in her evocation scene, and contrary to the behaviour of he witches, as they do not feel, or even show any guilt or sympathy. Despite not having a masculine appearance and showing signs of guilt and weakness, Lady Macbeth has been cleverly portrayed as the fourth witch by Shakespeare. I believe this is so, because at the time this play was written, links such as the swine description of the attendants and the avocation on evil spirits performed by Lady Macbeth would have been dazzling parallels and links to witchcraft for the audience in the Elizabethan era, but are perhaps more rarely understood by todays audiences.This may be because the idea of witches has been dismissed by modern society and their charact eristics are not as widely known making those links somewhat outdated. Although Lady Macbeth as the fourth witch seems less likely as a concept today, we must not look at the play as two dimensional, as it is read today, but alternatively learn the views of the people of the time when Shakespeares plays were written, after all, Shakespeare wrote about what he knew, and Macbeth was written four-hundred and three to four-hundred and seven years ago.

Outline for a mass communication written task Essay

In 2008 an attack ad, titled choose Different appe ard on YouTube, persuading voters to vote for Barack Obama instead of Hillary Clinton in the primary elections. Without a doubt this ad influenced the way many voters voted. By making subprogram of all(a)usion and by borrowing from early(a) texts, it successfully made voters vote differently. As a result Hillary Clinton lost in the primary elections to Barack Obama. The attack ad vote different depicts a bad group of pris whizzrs, sitting in neat rows, watching a large screen.On the screen integrity sees Hillary Clinton talking about how she would like to listen to her listening and engage in a dialogue with them. Her words ar very ironic, since the audience is non able to participate in the discussion. This is the first indication that we are meant to be critical of her words. Secondly, the camera switches to an other woman, an athlete who has broken past the prison guards to enter the theatre where the prisoners sit.She is running with a sledgehammer. While all of the images are dark and grey, she seems to bear the only sign of color with her red shorts. On her shirt is the run logo of Barack Obama. She hurls the hammer towards the screen, resulting in a rend of well-heeled that seems to awaken the prisoners. Then a text reads, On January fourteenth the Democratic primary will begin. And youll see why 2008 wont be like 1984.Then the letter O appears in the colour of orchard apple tree Macintoshs old logo, along with the web address, BarackObama.com. What does this text mean, and how does it rely onother texts to construct mean? There are three layers to this text. The first layer can be mute in the scope of 2008 and the primary elections. The text traveled as a viral, meaning it was a commercial that spread like a virus through with(predicate) social networks on the Internet.People who posted this video to their Facebook wall or sent it as a link in an e-mail to friends, all knew who Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama were. Her face and his logo needed no introduction. The irony of her words, the dark images of the prisoners and the type of the sledgehammer all indicated a sharp criticism of Clinton. One did not have to understand the final text to sense that this was a arduous attack ad.It accused Clinton of not listening to her audience, and it praised Obama for helping them see the light. The second layer of this text can best be understood in the context of the Apple Macintosh ad that ran only once during the Super Bowl in 1984. The attack ad is in particular a mash-up of the Macintosh ad, meaning that it is almost identical to the original ad, tack together for frame, with a the exception of several manipulated images. Where the Apple logo once appeared on the shirt of the athletic woman, there is the logo of Organizing for America, Obamas grassroots campaign team.Where a mans face once appeared on the large screen, there is Hilarys face. The text at the end of the Macintosh ad originally read, On January 24th Apple Computer will chisel in Macintosh. And youll see why 1984 wont seem like 1984. eve if viewers of the Obama ad do not know about the substance of 1984, they might know these references to the Macintosh ad. Since the ad only ran once, it created a coarse hype and sense of mystery. It promised to change the face of personal computing by literally and figuratively enlightening the masses. Comparing Obamas campaign to the Apple brand, has an interesting effect on the reader in 2008. It is almost as if Obama is the new iPod slick, stylish, personal and unique.He breaks with the establishment, Hillary Clinton, who could be compared to Microsoft or IBM, in the context of 1984. The third layer of context is perhaps the most important one to understanding the ads. Both ads allude to a scene from Nineteen Eighty-four, a novel by George Orwell. His novel is commonly understood as a criticism of autocratic government. The autocratic gov ernment in Orwells novel, Oceana, is rule by a man whose face appears regularly on a large telescreen. His name is Big Brother.The Obama ad replaces Big Brothers image from the Apple ad with HillaryClintons face, making a analogy and strong suggestion that she stands for autocratic rule, establishment and war. The effects of this on the audience in 2008 are quite persuasive and bold, influencing the way they vote in the primary election.At the time the attack ad ran in January of 2008, Hillary Clinton was onwards in the polls. Almost a week later, thanks to this ad and other influences, she began to lose points to Barack Obama (Pollster.com, 2008). While it is impossible to measure the exact effects of this ad in weakening her position, the ads implications are strong and persuasive. This viral video shows the power of mash ups and how the persuasive power of borrowing from other texts.Works citedApple Computers. YouTube 1984 Apples Macintosh Commercial. YouTube Broadcast Yours elf. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. ParkRidge47. YouTube Vote Different. YouTube Broadcast Yourself. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . Pollster.com Political Surveys and Election Polls, Trends, Charts and Analysis. Pollster. Web. 22 Feb. 2011.

Promote Professional Development Essay

PROMOTE PROFRESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT.1.1 Explain the importance of continu in ally modify experience and use. As a professional, I stupefy a state to engage in continuous professional developing. This means taking exploit in keeping my skills and k directlyledge and to seeking to improve my capabilities across the lead of task I carry out daily. Continually improving my knowledge is essential to my image and ensures I have the skills and knowledge to create the breach(p) for the arranging that I work for. I need to be conscious of most up to date legislations and guidelines, and the well f ar requirements. As a senior support worker it is even more vital that I am aw are and up to date with the above, as part of my role is to guide, support and influence opposite staff to do well in their own roles.Your own professional study does not only clash on yourself but other staff, the organisation and the service users. Reflective practice is a huge part of professional develop ment and you need to be skilful in this to really social welfare from it, criticising your own practice dexterity not always be easy but taking a step back, and taking another look at it can benefit yourself and your skills. To be able to improve my own knowledge is very valuable to me, to be able to benefit my role or future role. In doing this I feel I am progressing in my career, keeping myself suited to other employers and maximising my authority to do well in my career. and then if I continue to develop professionally and improve my knowledge resulting in me improving my practice I volitionBecome a unequivocal role model to other staffBe confident in my own abilities and future employmentLead and influence staff positively with the correct development and highest standards1.2 Analyse potential barriers to professional development.As with all aspects of working in a healthcare setting there is a risk of facing potential boundaries and barriers to professional developmen t. Some of which could be preparedness Cost of or development days and whether staffs cover is available this could plainly impact whether staff member are able to attend education and rations within the setting would undoubtedlystill have to be adhered to, and whether reinforcement would be available to send the desired staff on the course. In order for me to progress within my professional development, I should acquire whatsoever potential barriers. Once these barriers have been identified I should look at these barriers as challenges to overcome and not hassles which whitethorn remain unsolved. I consider barriers as a stepping stone to improving my skills and knowledge in the staring(a) world for myself and every member of staff to attend new and refresher courses would be an accomplishment in itself. Unfortunately there will be barriers to cross.PERSONAL BARRIERS could be in the form of Intellectual limitations. We all have assorted make up ones minding styles. Some whitethorn have no problem sitting in a class in front of a teacher taking notes or seeing visuals. While others will learn better being more practical. I myself will learn better being more hands on. Show me how to do something and I will be able to do it. However put me in a class room and I limit it more difficult to learn. I have tried to overcome this classroom issue by breeding myself not to make lengthy notes on everything that I hear. What I now do is make short notes. Language barriers could play a sorry part in a member of staff understanding what they are hearing and reading.Should this happen managers should encourage this member of staff to get additional help from their managers and Early Years Foundation Stage advisor. English for speakers of other languages or for additional language courses should be suggested for this person to attend. Then you whitethorn have a member of staff who is over confident and weigh training/courses are a waste of time and be littl e willing to attend.1.3 Compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional developmentEquipped with an understanding of the types of barriers faced in healthcare, we now have to delineate the barriers that our organisation faces. This will involve looking at the specific barriers for different idiosyncratics in our organisation in relation to a particular gentleman of evidence-based guidance. When implementing any new policy or guidance, it is essential to identify the commotion between recommended practice and current practice (baseline assessment). Ideally, this assessment will to a fault help to identify the potential and actual barriers to mixed bag, allowing you to pinpoint the practical actions necessary to implement the change along with the groups ofprofessionals who are key in bridging this gap.Those impact by change maybe the managers or support staff and somebody roles and how people work with others will need to be considered. Talking to a key individual or a group of key individuals is an intimate way of gaining Insight into a particular problem or situation. This mode has a procedure of advantages, For example It enables ideas to be explored in an iterative contrive Detailed information can be obtained It is quick and inexpensive.There may be some disadvantages, for example It relies heavily on the key individual(s) The responses may be subject to bias It may be difficult to find the right person (or people) to talk to Additional corroboration may be needed.Talking to a key individual may be used, for example, when you are considering Introducing a new process on to a service. By discussing the potential barriers That might arise as a result of introducing the new procedure with key individuals that Will be affected, you can get specific exposit of the problems you are likely to face.Several waysDirect observationsometimes the best way of assessing current clinical practice in your organisation is by Observin g individual behaviours and interactions. This is especially appropriate if you are flavour at events that happen quite often, for example, personal care. This regularity has A number of advantages, for example It enables detailed summary of current behaviours in context It eliminates report bias It can provide a useful method for supervise progress, if repeated on aregular basis.Use a questionnaireA questionnaire is a good way of exploring the knowledge,Beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of a group of geographicallyDispersed healthcare professionals. Careful thoughtNeeds to be stipulation to the design of the questions, as theQuality of the answers relies heavily on the quality of theQuestions. both(prenominal) electronic and paper formats can be usedto encourage responses. This method has a number ofadvantages, for example It allows rapid collection of relatively bountiful amounts of data from a large number of people It enables statistical analysis of standardised data It pr ovides the opportunity to highlight the need for change through with(predicate) communication of the results It is relatively inexpensive.Team meetingTeam meetings are a powerful means of evaluating current practice and testing new ideas. They symbolise a facilitated discussion or interview involving the full support team. promiscuous questions are posed by the facilitator, who then encourages the group to discuss their experiences and thoughts, and muse on the views of others. This method has a number of advantages, for example It enables a phonation group of people to share ideas It allows a wide range of in-depth information to be obtained It encourages new ideas and perspectives It helps get people engaged in the change processSupervisions/AppraisalsThe primary functions of supervising are administrative case forethought reflecting on and learning from practice personal support professional development and mediation, in which the supervisor acts as a bridge betweenthe individual staff member and the organisation they work for. Organisations are likely to obey by having workers who are skilful, knowledgeable, clear about their roles, and who are assisted in their practice by sound advice and emotional support. This should come from a supervisor with whom they have a good professional relationship. Research into what happens within supervision suggests that effective supervision generates good outcomes for workers while experience suggests that the consequences of absent, inadequate, or prejudicious forms of supervision poses a threat to workforce stability, capacity, confidence, competence and morale.

Company Analysis: Sunrise Senior Living Essay

cockcrow ripened life history Inc. is one of the top firms in the chop-chop maturement dour-term cargon constancy. They take into accountd a number of operate for sr. citizens including assist alive, meals, transportation, housekeeping, and licensed and highly hot nurses for certain residents who require 24 hour cargon. The club was started in 1981 in Fairfax, Virginia by married touch capital of Minnesota and terrycloth Klaassen who had a mental imagery of creating alternative higher-ranking musical accompaniment options that emphasize aroma of life.They have started what is now the almost recognized association in the industry bollix uping innovative products and run for senior citizens. in the long run after thoroughly researching the fellowships credentials, I decided that break of day cured life story would be a favorable togment prone that it is part of quick expanding industry, it is the top firm in the industry, and expert analysts recollect that it is a smart enthronization. Introduction and Statement of Purpose The purpose of this give notice (of) is to provide a thorough analysis of morning Senior nutrition in order to make a decision as to whether this confederacy is worth investing in.This delineate entrust allow in an analysis of the confederations history and public relations, the companys financial capital punishment and trends, economic variables that affect the company, and an overview of the industry and competing firms. In order to conduct this analysis, in all of the components previously mentioned have been researched in depth. All analysis and suggestions made provideing be supported with valid evidence from a variety of varied sources. Financial analysis will include a glance at the companys balance sheets and income statements of the past few years on ith their performance in the stock market of the past few years.The primary structure of this report consists of an executive summary, a brief introduction to the report with basic information of the dayspring Senior documentation Inc. , a more than sufficient overview of the company kayoedlining the research conducted in order to draw conclusions regarding the objective lens of the report, a comprehensive analysis of the company under the criteria previously mentioned, my individualized recommendations as to whether an individual should invest in this company, and finally, an appendix with all inevitable tables, graphs, etc. hat be necessary to support my recommendations and more intelligibly illustrate some of the company analysis. dawning Senior subsisting Inc. is a company based in Fairfax County, Virginia that provides a number of senior living services in the unify States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Sunrise Senior sprightliness offers independent living services which include housing, meals, transportation, housekeeping, and licensed and highly skilled nurses for certain residents who require 24 hour c atomic number 18.Also, these assisted living communities boast nostalgic neighborhoods that provide uniquely knowing accommodations, services, and care to support residents who are cognitively impaired or face issues with store loss, including Alzheimers disease. Finally, it provides a medication man sequencement program, which includes the storage and distribution of medications as directed by the residents physician. As of December 31, 2009, Sunrise Senior Living operated 384 communities, including 335 communities in the United States, 15 communities in Canada, 27 communities in the United Kingdom, and 7 communities in Germany.The company was founded in 1981 by capital of Minnesota and Terry Klaassen who had a vision of creating alternative senior living options that emphasize quality of life. (Yahoo Finance) Sunrise Senior Living Inc. is in the healthcare sector of the long term care facilities industry. The senior care industry is continually growing because of the increased life-span of the population. With the Baby Boomers entering the age of retirement, the senior citizen population is soon supplying a huge market for companies who provide these service-oriented products (Business Week).In fact, fit in to an article by Senior CareMarketer, The senior care industry is pinpointing and its just getting started as the baby boom generation cares for their aging parents and require care themselves as they transition into their proclaim senior years. People sixty-five years and older represent the fastest-growing age group in the United States, and it is projected that the 75+ population will increase 70% by 2025. By 2030, 70 million Americans will be over the age of 65 thats one out of every five Americans (Senior Care Marketer). With that s encourage, there a number of competing firms that are seeking to reap the benefits of this growing industry.Sunrise Senior Living is shortly the leading competitor in the senior care industry. Ho wever, there are number of other firms that are close behind including Brookdale Senior Living, Emeritus, Gentiva, Odyssey Healthcare, and ResCare. Overview political party History and Background As previously mentioned, Sunrise Senior Living Inc. was founded by Paul and Terry Klaassen more than 25 years ago. The subject for this now successful business originated in Holland where Paul Klaassen would visit his grandparents as a child. Pauls grandparents lived in assisted living menages called verzorgingstehuizen.These assisted living homes are very similar to those offered by Sunrise today. The verzorgingstehuizen allowed its residents to be independent while simultaneously providing support or care for those who call for it. To start this company, a youthful and energetic Paul and Terry Klaassen exchange their home and moved into a run-down nursing home in Northern Virginia. Paul and Terry went on to renovate this nursing home and open up their first location of Sunrise Senio r Living. Paul and Terry cared for the residents themselves in their first years of business, but word quickly deal regarding their new successful business.As demand for their services increased, they heart-to-heart up two more locations in the mid 1980s. Taking on a similar strategy as they did with the old nursing home, they opened up new locations by renovating older buildings and converting them into warm environments that were fit for warmth for senior citizens. By 1987, Paul and Terry opened their first Victorian-style augury which is now a nationally recognized icon for their company. (Sunrise Senior Living) As with any successful business or corporation, it all starts with a vision and mission statement which provides direction and purpose.When founding Sunrise Senior Living, Paul and Terry Klaassen wanted to champion quality of life for seniors in a home-like, resident-centered environment, unlike existing, more institutional options. Their operating philosophy origin ates from a buddy-buddy seated certainty in the method in which they accomplish the most premium quality of care of every individual. These convictions that have served as the al-Qaeda for Sunrise Senior Livings mission statement are now also the foundation for Sunrises Principles of do and outcome Values.These set of principles and values currently direct Sunrises aggroup members and employees at all of their locations worldwide. Sunrise Senior Livings Principles of Service include preserving dignity, nurturing the spirit, celebrating individuality, enabling freedom of choice, encouraging independence, and involving family and friends. Their core values include passion, joy in service, stewardship, respect, and trust. Each member of the Sunrise Senior Living team is encouraged to follow these principles and core values to ensure that distributively resident or client suck ins the most premium caliber service. Sunrise Senior Living) At first glance, one may question the gra ndeur of information such as mission and vision statements. However, by evaluating and analyzing a companys mission and vision statements, it becomes possible to take a deeper look into the companys culture and goals which can often be an indicator of their success and or failure in various fields. Also, as an investor, it is big to possess a thorough understanding of the companys purpose and values.Although the primary concern for most investors is the return they will receive on their investment, another factor that investors consider is the companys temper which is linked to their morals and code of ethics. For example, an investor may choose not to invest in a certain company even though it would provide large returns on his or her investment because he or she may not agree with the companys mission and vision statements. Products and run As previously mentioned Sunrise offers a number of different services and amenities for senior citizens.These services include assisted liv ing, Alzheimers and memory care, independent living, skilled nursing, and short term stays. Not to mention that Sunrise also offers different financial options for those residents who have trouble with payments. Under severally main service offered are a number of more special programs as strong. For example, one program in particular that Sunrise is cognize for is their retrospect neighborhoods, which is part of their Alzheimers and memory care treatment. These specially designed neighborhoods were created in order to allow senior citizens to re-live their glory days.To do this, members at Sunrise Senior Living begin by gaining an understanding of the seniors life stories without overlooking minute details. The reminiscence program encompasses a number of different activities that allows them to retain the spirit of their youth. It includes encouraging residents to participate in common daily practices such as gardening, sewing, office work, and household chores. Additionally, the reminiscence program offers Snoezelen environments which are essentially forms of stimulation for the senses and are used to have calmness and serenity among all of the seniors.These Snoezelen environments integrate music, aroma therapy, peaceful sounds, and ocular displays for an experience that is incredibly soothing. (Sunrise Senior Living) Although Sunrise Senior Living offers a number of innovative and unique services, their guest and employee reviews are mixed to a certain degree. In order to best find out the opinions of customers and employees regarding Sunrise, I decided that it would be best to examine random personal accounts of some(prenominal) customers and employees. I have examined a number of different websites and blogs in which individuals partake their experiences with Sunrise Senior Living.Customer and Employee Reviews Measured up is a website that offers a wide variety of customer reviews and complaints of a number of businesses worldwide. There was l ately an instance that occurred on June 19, 2010 in which a Sunrise neglected to aid one of their residents who fell and broke her leg and eventually needed a hip replacement surgery. The review off the company was written by the lady friend of the woman who fell. She, unfortunately for Sunrise Senior Living, had only the worst things to say about the company.After the ad hypothesis, Sunrise, according to the daughter of the woman, did not offer fair compensation for the injury of her mother. She also give tongue to that the members at Sunrise did not give any form of vindication whatsoever and treated the entire affair with as inhuman a heart as they could muster. She even went on to say that the Sunrise disparity was cruelty, malice, and disdain. She also strongly advised any individual with elderly love ones to stay away from Sunrise Senior Living because she thought they were cold and malicious. (Measured Up) As aforementioned, this incident occurred on June 19, 2010.It i s especially relevant because of how recent this whole affair took place. As with any company or organization in general, it takes only one mishap to permanently tarnish a reputation. The incident with the woman falling is obviously going to be detrimental to Sunrise Senior Livings reputation. This is important because it is a tribute of customer satisfaction, even though it was only one incident. This decrease in customer satisfaction, if great enough, will be reflected in the financial performance of the company because clients will no longer demand Sunrises services as much.Employee reviews of the company are arguably equally as important as customer reviews given that ultimately, it is the employees who are running these companies. According to Glassdoor, a blog that provides insight and internal reviews of jobs and companies, Sunrise Senior Living authorized an average employee rating of 2. 6 out of 40 reviews, meaning that employees feel that working at Sunrise is Ok. Also, Mark S. Ordan, CEO and Director of Sunrise since March of 2008, received a 44% approval rate by employees.Although these statistics are from a relatively small sample, considering that Sunrise consists of close to 5000 employees, it is nonetheless a testament to the entire companys satisfaction in their workplace. (Glass Door Reviews) Recent News Recently, Sunrise Senior Living has make some restructuring with regards to their upper level management as well as the relationships they hold with some of their joint ventures. Namely, they have appointed Marc Richards as head teacher Financial Officer, Greg Neeb as Chief Investment and Administrative Officer, and David Haddock as the General Counsel.In terms of their joint ventures, Sunrise Senior Living is currently working with Ventas, HCP, and CNL modus vivendi Properties. In order to understand the restructuring of these relationships it is necessary to possess a basic understanding of the function of each of these companies. (Sun rise Senior Living Investor Relations) Ventas is one of the countrys primary healthcare authentic estate investment trusts. Their increasing portfolio contains 602 healthcare-related facilities that contain roughly 50,000 licensed beds and senior housing units which are located advantageously in 44 states in the US and two provinces in Canada. Ventas) HCP, a real estate investment trust, was established in 1985 and is a publicly traded company of the S&P 500. Their portfolio contains 673 properties in 42 states and Mexico, and mezzanine loans and other debt instruments. All of which are spread across the healthcare industry including senior housing, life science, post-acute/skilled nursing and hospital. (HCP) CNL Lifestyle Properties, also a real estate investment trust, is a company that invests in properties projected to produce income that focus primarily in lifestyle related industries.CNL Lifestyle Properties purchases properties and leases them on a long-term priming with t he potential of long-term revenue. CNL Lifestyle Properties owns 10 ski resorts, two author Six-Flags owned and branded parks, two author non branded Six-Flags Parks, and three former Six-Flags owned water parks just to name a few. (CNL Lifestyle Properties) Sunrise Senior Living has restructured with Ventas through sale of joint venture interests which brought forth funds improving their balance sheet as well as reaching a new agreement that allows Sunrise to keep on to manage senior living facilities owned by Ventas.With HCP, Sunrise has cease management contracts with 27 communities which has allowed them to reduce their debt. Finally, Sunrise has gained 40% ownership interest, from 10% in the previous year of a wholly owned footslogger of CNL Lifestyle Properties, offering the opportunity to purchase their new partners interest in the venture. All of these adjustments are consistent with their strategy of engage sole ownership of the assets they manage.

A Big Change

A greathearted change Looking back on a childhood when I was a child, any sound, every move, every event, the commencement ceremony day of happiness, the first date, the first hurt. Everything together made who I am. I was thinking about the memories that was the most all-important(a) for me. Is it the day when I met a new friend? Is it the day when I was crushed by individual? Or it is the day when I knew how to say Mommy for Money. It took a lot of time to think about my childhood memories. Every moments were Important for me no matter it good or bad, sad or happy.Suddenly, I asked myself why I changed my mind to like English even if I have never liked it because it was a second language and I thought it was hard and not necessary for me. It was a summer when I played Final Fantasy game for the first time. My older buddy recommended me this game. So, I decided to play it. After the game started, I was surprise by the English language In the game and It made me tangle like an Dildo. Then, I ran to my bedroom to find a dictionary to translated it. I wanted to know what hey said, thought, and what they want me to do.I had done this every time, every day, every moment playing this game until I found something strange. It wondered me a big surprised this game made my English skill better and I fell in passionateness with learning English. Although, the game was over alone I still learning English by playing another(prenominal) game and read many books. This was changed my attitude from Ignorance in English to love it when I realized that I am happy to learn English and I want to say thankful to this game for giving me a good change.

Life partner Essay

Characteristic broadly speaking considered by work force when choosing a Wo humanity as their Life wedding party is a sacred contract amidst a char and a man. It is where a couple begins the long journey of life with donationd love, harmony, cooperation, allowance account and comfort with each other. The Commitment of marriage is one of the more or less recommended acts in Islam. The Quran has described this relationship between men and women, which brings love, harmony, trust and compassion, in the just virtually moving and eloquent terms ( And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you whitethorn bulk large in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts) (Quran 3021) Therefore selecting a life abetter _or_ abettor is one of the most crucial finales that we ease up to make in our lifetime, beca call marriage is a lifelong commitment where you go away face difficulties in life.A couple should be ab le to take the daily problem they will face in raising a family. Both the husband and married woman play their have got prominent role in building a happy family. . maven of the main tasks of a wife is build a respectable family to the society. Hence, a man should think carefully when selecting a muliebrity to be his wife, a mother to his children and the main pillar in his family. This report consists on mans perspective of selecting a life partner. Further, the report will salute the characteristics that he will look into before selecting his life partnerreligiousOne of the most important characteristics is finding a religious woman. The pure woman is the foundation of a healthy family. Allah (swt) states, Women of purity are for men of purity, and men of purity are for women of purity 2426. The Prophet (pbuh) said, Do non choose a wife for her wealth or lulu. Her wealth will cause her rebellion, and her beauty will cause her corruption. You must consider her assent and re ligiousness for marriage Mustadrak al-Vasail, On Marriage Ch. 13. A righteous woman is the greatest blessing that a husband slew get. He can find comfort and rest after the exhausting struggle of earning a living. If the woman is religious then only the family will be brought up in the light of Islam.BeautifulHuman being has a inclining of attracting to pleasant things. Most of thetime, the first thing a man tends to strike in a woman is her beauty. Sometimes the perfect figure, the soft skin, the mesmerise eyes makes the man blind of what is beneath the outside appearance. The real beauty of woman is not her physical appearance, the true beauty lies within interior(a) self. A Man would rather get to know a woman and discover that her heart is pure and caring. For example, a beauty contest success can be a cruel person. Therefore, her beauty is of no use to others if she is ill-treating to others Obedient and respectableA woman must be yielding and should respect her husband. She should be always eager to please him and make him happy. She should be happy to help him in different stage of life. An ideal wife should be someone who is willing to do the househ aged work scorn poverty and hardship. For example if the husband is very poor, the wife should not be complain about buying unnecessary thing. The woman must have respectable character, which the society expects. She should practice and follow cultures and values holded in the community such as a married woman should taper modesty in clothing.UnderstandingIn every marriage thither comes times when there are differences in opinions, problems relating to financial, raising children, sickness. During these times, the couple should tackle the problem by respecting each others feelings and through cave in communication. The woman should be willing to listen to her husband and understand the office instead of making the problem worse.For example as in a famous idiom making a mountain out of a mole, A c ouple might be arguing about each others political view and that disagreement may lead to a divorce. In a healthy marriage, the couple should be able to understand each others behavior and accept that nobody is perfect. The woman should be able to comfortably talk and share her wants and suggestions to her husband. The bond between the husband and wife should be based on mutual trust. Therefore, the ideal wife should be trust worthy.Conclusion.As an old saying, Behind every successful man there is a mettlesome woman. Hence, a man can choose his life partner wisely. The task on a mans hand inchoosing the ideal wife is not an easy job. The decision should be interpreted with immense thinking. The must -have characteristics must be given great wildness in order to make the marriage life prosperous and fruitful. The decision a man takes today will affect his children in the future. summon LISTIslamic voice RetrievedAugust 1998 Retrieved25-February-2012 fromhttp//www.islamicvoice.com/a ugust.98/marriage.htmThe Ideal Muslim adult female and Her Husband RetrievedAugust 1999 Retrieved28-February-2012 fromhttp//www.wefound.org/texts/Ideal_Muslims_files/herhusband.htm

Cultural Differences in Body Language Essay

Do you know what I am doing? (thumbs up to the face Hitch hiking). When I do this, most of you would cerebrate it means good job. But in the middle east, for typesetters case in Iran, its an insult similar to the middle finger. well evening Madam Toastmaster, fellow toastmasters and guests, tonight lets pure tone at body language in varied cultures. Do you cope with that apparent motions back tooth communicate as effectively as words? I agree. Some ability argue, it maybe even more than words. However we must be assured different culture has different body language.Therefore, in our personal and business lives, studious consideration must be habituated to whom we are with and where they are from. A question that we might ask is do we expect other cultures to adapt to our customs and protocol, or are we instinctive to make an extra effort to learn more about how they like to communicate? It wouldnt be the initiative clip that someone who wasnt familiar with the commun ication customs of another country, found themselves in a rather embarrassing situation.Many years ago, President Richard Nixon arrived in a foreign country. Upon his arrival, he stood at the top of the stairs leading from his aircraft door, and overlook the welcoming crowd gathered below him. He smiled and proudly increase both hands high in the air, palms facing outward and gave a move of his trademark famous intermission preindication (as he had do many times before while travelling abroad). However the tiptop immediately began to jeer and hiss at the President, and he found himself on the receiving end of a hostile and rude welcome.Could you imagine how he felt? The reason was because in the country he was visiting, the two fingered, palms outward Peace sign, which was acceptable in North America, was an absolutely offensive motility to the topical anesthetic people in that African country. This would have been the equivalent of a death chair from another country visi ting New Zealand, and with a smile, flipped the bird which in their country might have meant greetings. As a member of the audience, how might you react?In North America, a simple thumbs up apparent movement can mean that things are great or a hitchhiking sign which indicates I need a ride. However, in Greece, this gesture signifies up yours when accompanied with a rapid upward and slower downward motion. The gesture for YES is often thought to be universal, however in India they wobble their heads from side to side to say yes. Correct me if Im wrong my Indian friends. There are also variations in saying no. In Greece they toss their head up.In Japan, they wave their hands in bearing of their nose like ur gesture for stinky. Or, how about the OK sign where the mogul finger and the thumb connect to make an O shape and the deuce-ace remaining fingers point up and slightly flare out. Although acceptable in Western culture to signal that things are A-OK, in Russia or Turkey, this ge sture can represent a sexual insult. specifically an orifice (thats as far as Ill go with that). In mainland China you may see two men walk hand in hand or with an arm around anothers shoulder. This is a sign of friendship. However, the situation is regarded as homosexual in American culture.In some countries such as France or Italy, it is acceptable to exchange a kiss on one or both cheeks while quivering hands when greeting one another. In other countries such as Japan, this type of behavior is considered impolite as the Japanese are considered to be a non-touch society relative to other cultures. The Japanese have a venerating custom to bow to each other. The most senior post person bows the least and the least status person having to bow first and display the deepest bend from the waist. Business cards are exchanged and point first in a complex formality.This ritual is to determine the seniority, invest or rank of everyone in the room first. Then the bowing gesture commences based on the information read. For example, lets say Tony make is the CEO of Mitsubishi Motors in Japan. I am a small subdivision manager from Fonterathe process is So as you can see, it is really eventful to know your audience. If you are traveling to other countries, you need to be aware that some of the most commonly acceptable gestures at home can have a completely different meaning to someone from abroad.Demonstrating a sound knowledge of the cultural differences in nonverbal communication forget get you noticed and others will appreciate that you are both respectful and prepared. Tonight youve learnt as least one thing be elaborated if you thumb a ride in Greece O Take the time and invest in a little research to become culturally educated. By doing this you will be able to Save the embarrassment. (i. e. Be careful if you thumb a ride in Greece O) Gain the competitive edge.A little research can go a long modal value prior to traveling abroad on business. Surely it helps i f you are automatic to make an extra effort to learn more about how they pick out to communicate. As the saying goes, In Rome, do like the Romans do. hold fast to know your audience and their customs. Remember in business, its about cosmos prepared and establishing rapport quickly. Understanding body language in different culture might be the very thing that tips the scales in your esteem and will give you the competitive edge youre looking for.

Police Brutality Among Nigerian Males In Philadelphia Essay

Cultural parti pris is like a virus that is transmitted from human to human and like a parasite take in up a society and its reasoning. These preconceived opinions atomic number 18 reflected in our solar day to day life. How often we see a white women shying away from young African American male on the street reflecting the basic stereotyped assumptions that we suffer about others every day. These inevitable expressions of which most of us are dupes retain unresolved because of the unconscious state it has entered.Likewise, mint who turn over been victims of racism in the past develop an extreme judgmental attitude, often labeling a childlike act as a racist, failing them to ever see easy in others. Marilyn French, a feminist fiction writer, in her turn tail on Beyond Power On Women, Men and Morals (1986), interprets such bigot behavior as an outcome of a hoary world that is lured by mightiness and control over women, children, property, and other men and subsequently enticed with the idea of superiority using skin color, wealth, religion and ethnicity as its variable.She suggests that the masculine principle is governed by aggressiveness which prevails over the cultural values ascribed to the feminine principle. Quoting from her work, World astray patriarchal values and perspectives are so pervasive m whatever passel believe them to be inevitable. Such deliberateers believe feminine principle oriented cultures became instinct because of the superiority of Western patriarchy. She elevate emphasizes that since western people are oriented in a masculine thinking its cobblers last result is anything but cultural prejudice.Further, delving on this theory she suggests that we all are members of the in- classifys that offers us a feeling of belongingness and comfort. And all others become members of the out-groups. It is taken as a fact that members of one group will always be antagonist to the members of the other group. Marilyn calls it a e gotism justifying dialogue that keeps us from self analysis mixing beliefs with attitudes and values, and morality with ethics (French, 1985, p. 19).We obediently keep practicing what we have been taught in our lifetime, i. . what to think of those who are members of the opposite group instead of how to think and in turn delaying our judgment about others. Our faculty has stopped responding to a logical reasoning and it has simply turned into a mechanical thought process. Leading all of us to becoming racist, ageist, and ethnocentric in this patriarchal culture.An authoritarian personality clings on to the conventional values of their culture, and refuses at any time the need of self introspection (Breslin, 1974, p. 51). While delving on this type, Mumia Abu-Jamal stands as a case in spot. Mumia Abu Jamal, a famous radio journalist in Philadelphia was likewise known as the voice of the voiceless. He used to report on issues concerning guard barbarity, misconduct and racism on the minority communities and especially, the African American community.In 1981, he became a victim himself of things he always fought against. On December night, 1981, while driving a cab to supplement his income earned through journalism, Abu Jamal drove pass his comrade who was being beaten up by the constabulary officer, Daniel Faulkner for traffic violation. Shortly, a gun fire broke out leaving both the police officer and Abu- Jamal injured. Unfortunately, the officer succumbed to his injuries while Abu Jamal recovered through a surgery. He was trialed for the Officer Daniel Faulkners murder case and given a conclusion sentence.However, at the insistence of Philadelphia District Attorney Lynn Abraham, Abu Jamal is currently not face the expiration penalty. This is a typical case of a social contest between singles and collectivities. Interpreting Abu Jamals case through Lane Cormicks work, this situation can be termed as a crisis. The media and many literary discussio ns have depicted this case as that of prejudice and racial discrimination. racecourse and ethnicity are hence, seen as the controlling dynamics in this case.Dave Lindorff, an investigative newsperson in his book on Killing Time An Investigation Into the remainder Row Case of Mumia Abu Jamal, stated that at the time of Abu Jamals arrest, the Philadelphia law Department was indeed the most corrupt enforcement operations in the nation. Hence, the finale made by the United States discriminative system , awarding death sentence to Abu- Jamal, based on the evidences put forth by the Philadelphia police has been widely criticized and challenged.This decision has been labeled as an outcome of cultural prejudice in a society that stands as an epitome of liberty. The United States judicial system has been attributed for its racism and discrimination against defendants of color. Noam Chomsky while reflecting on this case called the U. S. prison house system a class and a race war. He further emphasized that Abu Jamal is just one illustration of whats called social neaten in US. Philadelphia police is known for its notoriety. The racist attitude that it thrives on is as well as not hidden from the public.The killing of a young black man, Bryan Jones on the morning of January 1, 2007 is just one in a million cases reflecting brutality dipped with prejudice and racism practiced by the Philadelphia police. According to the accept Center for new Pennsylvanians, seven percent of Philadelphias immigrants come from Africa in the first place comprising of Nigerians who form the largest African group in this region. Every now and then, thither are cases heard against the Police Department of Philadelphia for ill treating the Africans.Scholars suggest that off all prejudice, the most critical is the Attitudinal Prejudice reflected (in this case) in the Philadelphia police also explaining the reasons of brutality thats practiced on these minority races. W. T. Jones in his work on Perspectives on ethnicity. New direction for student services, explains that attitudinal prejudice refers to a negative attitude toward a person or group based upon a social comparison process in which the individuals own group is taken as the positive point of reference. (Jones, 1972, p. 6). Further, to combat the isms requires new value assumptions and new social learning.

Who is tammy

Videos games argon a big factor in children change state obese. The depression characterization game was invented in 1958 by William Highlighting. The game was called tennis for Two, was created and geted on a Brookhaven National Laboratory Oscilloscope. thusly in 1962, Steve Russell invented Space War, which was the first game intended for computer SE. In 1967, Ralph unsheathed wrote the first video game played on a television set the game was called Chase. Later in 1972 Ralph B atomic number 18 designed the first commercial video game console that could be played in the home.In 1989 the first Nintendo video game system came disclose that has dramatically change childrens pattern. Children be not exercise their legs and arms any much(prenominal) but b arly atomic number 18 exercising their hands by victimisation a controller performing a video game. Every division since 1958 video games are improving and it is making it more difficult to line up children off the couc h. In 2012 here are to a fault many more video games for children to play with the latest systems out like Oxbow 360, Palpitation 3, Nintendo ADS, and the Nintendo WI. These video game systems have gone beyond Just playing a game but are really more like a computer.Now children are able to sit in their family room and play a game online with their friend anywhere around the world. This video game is able of storing music and videos on the game console. The players on the games look like actual people which make these children very addicted to playing. The new video games are level more dangerous beca implement children are able to have fundamental interaction with their reined without acquire up from the couch to play with them. Riding bikes, playing soccer, and playing tag for entertainment. This was the normal thing for children to do on their free season.Back in the day parents would put their children on punishment by not let them go outside to play. Today parents punish th eir children by taking past what is most important to their children video games, television, and the computer. With the growing popularity of these entertainment devices, kids are decent less(prenominal) active, and fleshiness is growing. It seems like the childhood obesity chore would be resolve if children drink fling offed to play outside like hillier use to many propagation ago. This is a very serious occupation because these obese children are getting health problem a lot early in their life.These children are at a salienter risk of contracting exalted beginning pres accredited, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fertilety liver diseases. The reason of the society with obesity and high blood pressure is not known, but the connector is caused by the increase blood volume. Diabetes is the second major health problem postulateing with obesity. eternal sleep apneas is another condition that threaded obese children. eyepatch children are sleeping th eir breathing is interrupted which apprise cause death. Sleep apneas can lead to problems with learning and memory.Freeman states that, nearly 60% of corpulence children had at least one cardiovascular risk factor compared to 10 percentage of those children with body mass index for their age and 25 percent of overweight children had two or more risk factors (Freedman, ADS, 1999 par. 4). This is a critical problem that affects these childrens pure tone of life. Canadian study states Obesity not only harms a childs body, but it in any case causes significant psychological damage to children as two-year-old as ten years old ( Kerrey, S. 009 par. L). These children are more in all likelihood to have low self-esteem.Children that suffer from this have increase chances of savoring sadness, anxiety, loneliness, and depression. These children are normally withdrawn from children their age. In few cases these children are teased and even bully by their peers because they look diffe rent. As eon goes on round children might turn to drugs and alcohol to help deal with the pain. In some cases they might even commit suicide because they are in toilsome pain. Without any doubt, obese children deal with many issues that children should not have to deal with. There are some things that obese children can do to cling to themselves from these serious illnesses.Eating the right way is a great start. Also feeding more raw fruits and vegetables lead help too. Portioning out foods at every repast time and drinking the eight to twelve ounces of water are sure ways of a healthy diet. Children have to go eating foods with high calories and high fat because it is unhealthy for their diet. Parents should also bound their childrens carbohydrates in show nonchalant because this is not healthy for children either. Carbohydrates prevent fat breakdown and drive fat onto fat deposits, causing fat to accumulate, which is another reason way obesity occurs.Parents have to get educated to know the proper foods that their children Eating properly can prevent obesity. Parents have to limit the time effortless that their children play and watch these entertainment media devices. Eliminating the television from the bedroom will reduce overall screen time and may help to limit nighttime media use that may interfere with childrens sleep. Turning off the television while eating will help disconnect food from television viewing. It will also help children to be aware of the DOD that they are consuming. Parents should also limit the time daily that their child is allow to play video games daily.A great start for parents would be to only allow their children to play video games for xxx minutes a day. Parents play such a vital role in their childrens activities, and it is they who emergency to get their kids more involved with physical activities and less time on the couch. The best way to do this is by displace a good example is getting physically active with children. The first way they can get their children physically active is by back up their children to go outside daily. Take bike rides, swim, or even take walks with children. This will also be helpful to children because they are spending quality time with their parents.It is a norm with the parents of today spending what they considered quality time with their children watching the television. Physical activity should be fun and make children feel good, not a chore they must do to lose weight. puerility obesity is not a problem that is easily solved. Parents have to start making major changes in their familys lifestyle to solve this problem. If the childhood obesity rates continue to rise our youth are going to be in serious trouble. Parents have to start to take control of their households in the lead their children have serious health problems.The government also needs to pure tone in and stop letting these food advertisers prey on the children and adolescents. It should be a law that for the childrens programs that come on the television advertisers are only allowed to show commercials for healthy food products that children would enjoy eating. This would definitely help stop children and adolescents consuming all of these high calories foods. In conclusion, the research and the static that were presented in this paper will incur with the argument that children are not exercising and playing outside anymore but are sitting down playing with these entertainment devices.Parents most limited the time daily that their children are spending watching the television, playing video games, and on the computer. Parents also need to start encouraging their children to play outside as children did generations ago. If parents started to do these things for their childrens health, accordingly the number of obese children in America would start decreasing. Obesity is a hard cycle to break, but if parents stop eating entertainment devices gallop their childrens li fe and have them increased physical activity, then the outcome can be reverse and children can start to live happy, healthy lives.Seafood library is a great place to request data for academic document because all of University staff has approved all of the Journals, magazine, and newspaper articles in their databases. It is also helpful to use their library because everything that is needed for citing the article is on the foliate too. The Center for Diseases Control is also another reliable source to collect information. This is the government website so here is a lot of statistics and data that will be helpful in an academic paper. This source also has up to date information that is useful when writing papers.The statistics and articles that was researched for this academic paper apply with the argument that children are not staying physically active, but are socialise themselves with media devices and thats what is making them obese. Many articles that that were found state that parents need to limit the time of their children daily on the computer, video games, and the television by parents doing this easy tax that will help reduce the risk of obesity in their children. The articles are also stating that children need at least sixty minutes daily doing an exercise activity.

Male Daughters Femals Husbands Essay

I chose the prevail manful daughters, fe anthropoid husbands by Ifi Amadiume. The reason I chose this book is because I become perpetually been curious close the role of wo workforce in non western countries and wherefore they were viewed as being subservient to men by their give birth as tumefy as the western world. Ifi Amadiume, a Nigerian sociologist with a capital of the United Kingdom University doctor take, conducted research in her own family force field to need waken and wind up in an African Society. Challenging the received orthodoxies of genial anthropology, Ifi Amadiume argues that in precolonial party, trip out and fireuality did not necessarily coincide.In the book she examines the structures that enable women to acquire tycoon and shows that roles are neither rigidly masculine nor feminine. This study that was conducted relates to societal anthropology. The study was conducted in Nnobi, a town in the only Igbo area which has not been studied in de tail by any scientist or anthropologist. Fieldwork was conducted in Nnobi mingled with 1980 and 1982 on the Igbo people. As a result of the 1976 topical anaesthetic government reform which divided Nigeria into 19 states and 299 local governments, Nnobi became one of the towns in the Idemili local government.Most of the Igbo people were too separated between states. The 1963 commonwealth census put the total number of Igbo people at 7,209,716. The study is divided into three periods pre-colonial, when the traditional systems operated colonial, when the British ruled Nigeria and post-colonial, when Nigeria became an independent nation. in that respect were further divisions of these periods such as Gender and the economy, the ideology of gender, and the general beliefs about men and women in which we will look into further in the pursuance paragraphs. First we will take a look at gender and the economy.This was part of the pre-colonial period. It is within this period that ideol ogies stooge the Igbo and Nnobi , their sexual division of labor, and those governmental science the relations of production originated. As a result of ecological factors, artless production was not profit in Nnobi, hence the development of a sexual division of labor and gender ideology which gave women a rally place in the subsistence economy, while men sought authority through with(predicate) ritual specialization and ritual control. The gender ideology governing stinting production was that of female industriousness.The name of the town itself Nnobi reflects matrifocality in Nnobi floriculture or matricentric principle in household organization mothers and children formed distinct, economically self-sufficient sub-compound units classified as female in relation to the male front section of the compound. There was a dual-sex organization principle behind the structure of the economy, which was supported by various gender ideologies. These principles and ideologies governed the economic activities of men and women. They also governed access to wealth, wives, achievement-based status and many other things within their community. strong wealth was converted into prestige and power through title-taking, the acquisition of more(prenominal) wives and more labor power, more material wealth. Wealth for men include possession of things like houses, many wives and daughters, livestock, and land. Wealth for women included things like livestock, fowls, dogs, put up and garden crops, daughters and many wealthy and influential sons. Males and females symbols of wealth were very confusable even though in principle they did not own the equal things. One very important economic resource which women did not own was land. A flexible gender system mediated the dual-sex organizational principle.Nnobi society was based on strict sexual dualism, whereby womens economic and political organizations were separate from those of men. Through manipulation of gender concepts a nd flexible gender bodily structure in language, the dual-sex barrier is broken down or mediated. Ideology of gender guided the Igbo people, however it was viable for men and women to share attributes. The system of hardly a(prenominal) lingual distinctions between male and female gender also makes it possible for men and women to play some social roles in which, we ( the western world) bleed rigid sex and gender association.The Igbo language in comparison with the slope language, has not built up rigid associations between certain adjectives or attributes and gender subjects, nor certain objects and gender possessive pronouns. There is no work of the intelligence information man to represent both sexes, neither is there the alternative of saying he or she, him or her , or his or her. This of linguistic system of few gender distinctions makes it possible to conceptualize certain social roles as separate from sex and gender, hence the possibility for either sex to fill the r ole.This does not mean that there is no competition between the sexes, and situations in which a particular sex monopolize roles and positions. One use of a situation in which women played roles ideally occupied by men were male daughters and female husbands in either role, women acted as family head. The Igbo word for family head is genderless. In Nnobi society and culture, there was one head or master of a family at a time, and male daughters and female husbands were called by the same term, which translated into English would be master.The reverse applied to those in a wife relationship to others. The Igbo word for wife is a genderless boldness meaning a person who belongs to the home of the master of the home. Although there were genderless dustup within this culture there were still general beliefs about men and women that set them apart. Men and women were talked of or judged according to the roles expected of them as plenteous social adults. What was stressed about men wa s their duty to provide for and foster their families. This culture did not stereo fictitious character bad men.Unfortunately this was not the instance with women. Similar to the society we live in today everyone in this culture knew the attributes of a bad woman. Bad women were those who failed in their wifely and maternal duties and sentiments. This type of woman usually did not take care of her husband, was bad tempered, and ate food without giving any to her husband. A bad woman also did not take very unsloped care of the children. I ground this to be very similar how we view bad women as well in our society. In contrast to a bad woman was the good woman.The good women were usually a good daughter, wife, and mother. She looked after her husband, never refused him food, and do sure things around the household were taken care of. If her husband was ineffective to provide for the family financially she was able to help him through her own efforts. She always protected her chi ldren from any form of danger, and if necessary she would even protect them from their father. The industriousness, which is what was meant by good character, was inculcated in a woman in her fathers house, and would pay dividends in her husbands house.In conclusion this book really brought about some insight how the fact that biological sex did not always correspond to ideological gender. This meant that women could play roles usually monopolized by men, or be classified as males in terms of power and authority over others. In contrast the Western culture and the Christian religion carried rigid gender ideologies. This gender system meant that roles are purely masculine or feminine breaking gender rules carries a sigma. In new gender realities, such women are still defined as females, however they are no longer involved in domestic help female roles.

Mobile Phones a a health hazard Essay

These daylights the Technology is increasing so much that we all lot are dependent on the machines which many engineers have made. These entire computer software machines are not always expedient in your lives but on the another(prenominal) hand are dangerous and hazardous. The attraction towards all this things force out be an addiction which will in future never be removed from our body. The diligent screams is one of the inventions. The students studying in schools are finding this gadget insepar able-bodied from them. A few schools are allowing the students to carry their mobile phones with them. I believe that this is not right. While the teachers in the schools are teaching, the students are engaged on their phones and not giving attention about what their teacher is teaching.Excess usage of mobile phones can reduce our level of submersion and focus because of which we might not perform well in our exams. As this being a habit can never be accustomed up and I can p rove it with an example of my daily routine. I have been noticing this in my school and also in many other places that whenever people have gone on a holiday with their family so as to remove their tension and stress. simply they are not able to as the whole time during their vacation also they are busy with their office work, or the regular social networking sites and applications. Vacation is meant to be reposeful with your family and friends instead of being on the screen the whole day.As I had said that mobile phones are sometimes dangerous and hazardous because they reap out the radioactive waves which can effect on our brains and also cause us cancer. If we talk on phones two or three hours a day it will cause cancer which can be harmful to our health. But the most dangerous incident that happens because of mobile phones is while driving or crossing a road. As the government had made a feel that we all people are not allowed to talk on the phone while driving but most of the citizens do not follow up on this rule. There are many incidents on the Mumbai roads. There was a individual talking on his phone while crossing the roads, and met with an accident and he came under a bus. The mobile phones could be our best friend and useful gadgets when we use it in need like Emergency or to pass on information about our whereabouts to our parents when we are late to reach home.

The importance of time management

T here are m whatever reasons to halt meter management and musical arrangement in your stance they both basis lead to failure of you or your business, and or your team etc. If you outweart have succession management then you leave alone not have the time to watch you sweep done the tasks that take to be done and when they are suppose to be done, even worse ensuring that the ones that work under you will not complete what they need to complete. Ensuring that you stick to a tight schedule and pushing through to the final completion is what you need to do to accomplish the trading.Time management is grievous in ensuring that wholly missions are accomplished proficiently and in a timely manner. When you female genitals maintain your time management you show your lead ability to accomplish the jobs. When you use time management to accomplish your tasking, this will break in you more time to curb that you can work on your organization. Ensuring that your office stays or ganized and clean is to learn that at any given time you can find a form or any cultivation you may need at any time.You need to encounter that you have the space to complete paper work and to ensure you are takeing paper work separated so you dont lose where your place of work. When you complete your task it is very authorized to file the completed work to ensure that you keep the work in concert and dont lose the reading you have already to complete. This helps to ensure that you keep your work together and complete. When you ensure the organization you are norm whollyy more proficient. This allows you to work better and faster.When you work time management and office organization you become a more proficient as a leader, employee or as a boss. They work together to ensure conquest of your life story if you take your time and put emplace the program. Its your career take a hold of it and do what you have to do to ensure success. The 4 components of Office Organization, Fil ing system- Having a great hard re-create filing system is a must, since at any given time a computer could crash, get a virus or unsloped about anything else.A lot of businesses use share drives which load all or the files, work,pictures and meeting schedules to where everyone involved can look at them, and these can all become corrupt as well. But if you keep hard copies of all your work no matter if the computer system crashes you always can do your research. For example I load drivers packets onto the share drive for the armament so when new soldiers need to be trained they can chump off their paperwork needed, but when they come to me I as well keep their file in my filing system, so if they lose their license or move to a new post they can take their intact packet with them showing their training.I also keep all of the tests and files needed on hand in my filing system so that I can copy at any time. This ensures that I will always have my prehistorical and future traini ng for all soldiers in my company past and posit. Pitch method- This is my personal favorite since it lowers the amount of paper useless information leaving from my desk. This is all important(predicate) so that information that is needed is used and the not needed is trash.It limits what we have to act on it leaves us with future information as needed and things that need to be acted upon at this very moment. This here ensures that we have the vanquish information for the school, public or the students at the present time. Office flow- Ensuring the flow of the office is very important to anyone and all of us to ensure we get the best results of our time being used. Ensuring you have the best conditions for you in your office so that your comfortable while you work is important to accomplishing the best work you can.Computers- Computers can make almost everyones job easier. As a mechanic they have the test equipment that brings up the symptomatic readings that can limit what is w rong with the vehicle. The computer can be organized and set up however that is convenient for you or to give a presentation, or for anyone to use. It can make your job easier. You can ensure kosher order while using power point for presentations if you have to give more than one at time.

‘Macbeth’ English Coursework Essay

1. The scene opens with maam Macbeth speaking in soliloquy as a coach I would tell the actress to mien agitated, maybe wringing her men and pacing the tip, quite near the back of the stage so it looks as if she is al about trying to veil.In the first soliloquy she seems less powerful comp atomic number 18d to when she is with Macbeth. noblewoman Macbeth begins to imagine noises that represent bad omens, for subject, the nozzle shriekd. She probably didnt hear that noise that an owl shrieking is a symbol of evil and she survives she is doing wrong. She then begins to go over the plans as if she is reassuring herself of what to do and wondering what is going on and how the plan is doing. skirt Macbeth obviously wasnt that confident beca delectation she even says that she essential an alcoholic drink to calm her and make her brave again. Then when Macbeth enters, subdued in soliloquy, she panics that Macbeth hasnt committed the murder, that they woke up and caught him and s he expresses her doubts genuinely(prenominal) obviously as shown in this quotation, I am afraid this shows how she deprivations confidence and proves that she wasnt vaulting.Then when Macbeth and doll Macbeth begin to colloquy to each other they are both actu every last(predicate)y nervous and jumpy exclusively slowly Lady Macbeth begins to regain control again and she can then comfort and sooth Macbeth who is very shocked and seems almost hysterical. Then Macbeths concerns worry Lady Macbeth only if she still remains in control because she starts to command and order Macbeth around. For example, empower me the daggers, lead on your nightgown Lady Macbeth regained her calm and Macbeth has become worried. Lady Macbeth gets worked up because of Macbeths doubting and worrying and she is almost sh let oning in rage at him when she says infirm of purpose and as a director I would definitely say to be bossy and very barbaric towards Macbeth.She then begins to insult him which shames him as he is supposed to be a brave warrior when she calls him a child so she has definitely regained her control and is out-and-out(a) at the end of the scene.2. In lines 16-31 Shakespeare creates get bys of tension and anxiety by showing Lady Macbeth who is supposed to be very brave and person who would rather bash her babys brains out than show cowardliness being nervous and jumpy. Lady Macbeth says that she couldnt do it herself and doubts that Macbeth has the willpower to do it as well. Following this there is a very jumpy rapidly transposition between them in lines 22-30. The punctuation in this section is very short like full stops exclamation marks it is very quick answering, they almost finish off each others sentences. This would make the listening think whether they were going to get away with it? Would they be found out? Could they cover it up? Lie about it? So this creates a lot of anxiety as the audience want to know what is going to befall to them.3. Mac beth is in a state of shock when he returns from Duncans Chamber. He hears sounds which f well(p)en him so he appears very shocked and upset when he enters the scene. He is concerned that they will be found out and in that era the punishment would have been death for high treason. When he dialogue to Lady Macbeth they have a very quick and nervous exchange. During this exchange he begins to realise the seriousness of what he has just done and Macbeth then begins to emotional state criminalityy. He doesnt seem to be able to point on one thing at a time but the two dominant things he talks about is that he wont be able to get spiritual forgiveness and he wont be able to eternal rest.He then starts to talk about two lodgers praying and the fact that when they said Amen he couldnt because he had gone against God and broken the Divine correct of Kings. The Divine Right of Kings is an ancient belief system that was the eldest son of the king or queen would become the next ruler of t he country. Macbeth had killed the king and taken his coif so broken this spiritual belief. So Macbeth knows that he has disobeyed God and cannot get forgiveness. This is shown in lines 37-44. In these lines a very strong metaphor is utilize to show just how guilty he feels. The metaphor is Hangmans hold. This is comparing his hand to those of someone who kills frequently so this means that Macbeths guilt is so strong that it feels as though he has killed to a greater extent than one person.The second dominant topic is that Macbeth sleep has the power to be restored and nurture people who are troubled and weary but he has lost the rightfield to sleep and will never sleep again. Lines 47-52 use a lot of good personification which further shows the guilt that Macbeth is feeling. He refers back to the witches in this extract Glamis hath murderd sleep, and thence CawdorShall sleep no more Macbeth shall sleep no more. this suggests that the witches are on his soul and how their pr ophecies have driven him to treachery.He then begins to question why he is jumpy why his guilt and regret is so great why he cant go back in the manner or even look at his hands.4. The scene starts off with Macbeth in control because Lady Macbeth couldnt commit the murder but after(prenominal) Macbeth did he couldnt re-enter the room and face what he had done. Their family is very interesting because they have a large reliance on each other. Lady Macbeth needs Macbeth to commit the murder and Macbeth needs Lady Macbeth to drive him and push him so he has courage to commit the crime.Macbeth looses all his control in the relationship after he commits the murder because he is so haunted and shocked by what he has done and he then needs Lady Macbeth to calm him and make him feel at ease. You can find this change between lines 20-79. Lady Macbeth is in everlasting(a) control at the end because she begins to call Macbeth names to make him feel ashamed of his cowardice and uses very co mmanding vocabulary to make him hide what they know and she is in some ways scared in fact he cant pretend that he doesnt know anything.5. The main themes of the play are nearly all mentioned in this scene. To me the most significant theme is that this story is about a man who potentially could have been great, powerful and strong but has been corrupted by darkness, witches and greed.witchcraft is the theme that got them to this stage and is what really drives Macbeth to commit the murder. The witches prophecy drives him to killing anybody who got in his way especially Macduffs family in Act IV scenery 2. Macbeth is constantly referring back to the witches and seems to have complete trust in them. An example showing that they are on his mind is in Act II Scene 2 when he is distraught about the murder in lines 55-57. Lady Macbeth also refers to witchcraft when she hears bad omens like the owls scream so witchcraft and darkness is a main concern and theme of this crabbed scene.The theme of deception is carried on passim this scene at a more physical level than the deception of the witches with their contradicting language. In this scene, Act II Scene 2, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are putting the blame of the murder on the Kings guards and appearing to be unaware of the situation.Bloodshed and guilt is another key issue especially with phrases like Hangmans hands and they very graphic visual image in lines 76-79. This theme is referred to throughout the rest of the play and eventually until Lady Macbeths death. The guilt is so strong that it causes her to take her own life and the guilt rules Macbeth into decisions and causes a lack of sleep which is another key theme. His lack of sleep is because he has undone his own equilibrium.Macbeth knows that he has disrupted the Divine Right of Kings so therefore upset God. So Macbeth finds that he is unable to pray and has lost the right to sleep which is natures healer which is a theme which continues right from the murder to the end of the play. He becomes mentally disturbed.The final topic in this scene is the power shifting in the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. They both rely on each other to be strong.

Air Industry Analysis Essay

Executive Summary air hoses companies atomic enumerate 18 under(a)going study changes to cope with the saucy ch in allenges of the modern thriftiness. Geopolitical factors, such(prenominal) as war and terrorism, the financial crisis of 2009, high penetration barriers, as well as uttermost(prenominal) weather events, ar some of the factors that be driving these changes. be in raise prices, nets and ticket prices ar some of the look at drivers of this multi-billionaire assistance. Also, on that point has been an persistence-wide shakedown, which will save far-reaching effect on the manufactures trend towards expanding ho example servant and international run. The perception that air decease is an trial by ordeal unfolds to grow, making it very difficult for air ducts to charge the higher prices that are unavoidable to re let go to favorability. Today airlines provide a vital service, and factors including exchangeable the continuing existence of loss-m aking gondola carriers, bloated cost structure, vulnerability to exogenous events and a character for poor service combine to present a huge check to advanceability. While a handful of low-cost airways conduct conquest beaty managed to gage logical profits, by and large, profitable air hose businesss are a couple of(prenominal) and far between. establishmentThe global air lane pains provides transportation to to the highest degree every respite of the world. The airline companies employ m whatever people, hold multi-billion dollar equipment inventory, and generate billions of dollars in course of instructionly gross revenue. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism. However, the effort can be very vulnerable to government regulations, economic influences, utmost(a) weather events and geopolitical factors such as war and terrorism.The SIC/NAICS mandate for the industry is 4512 /4811. The NAICS term for the industry is do cument air transportation . The industry is further classified into 2 NAICS codes 481111 for Scheduled rider transportation and 48112 for Scheduled Freight Transportation. Per NCAIS, This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing air transportation of passengers or passengers and freight over regular routes and on regular schedules. Establishments in this industry operate dodgings even if partially loaded. Scheduled air passenger carriers including commuter and helicopter carriers (except scenic and sightseeing) are included in this industry. fibThe commercial message airline industry in the US grew at a fast rate after the military personnel War III. The commercial strain industry in the United States has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. In 1945 the major(ip) airlines flew 3.3 billion revenue passenger miles (RPMs). By the mid 1970s, when deregulation was beginning to develop, the major carriers flew 130 billion RPMs. By 1988, af ter a decade of deregulation, the number of domestic RPMs had reached 330 billion (Source Winds of Change). Up to the 1970s the industry was heavily regulated around the world. However, in 1976 under the recommendation of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the regulatory system was destroy by the US Congress. Most of the industrialized world soon followed suite. The Airline Deregulation Act passed in the US in 1978 eased the intromission of sunrise(prenominal) companies into the business concern and gave them freedom to set their own fares and travel whatsoever domestic routes they chose. This lead to a swarm of saucy entrants, lower fares and the possible action of new routes and services to all over the country.OrganizationThe major bully expenditure for the airline industry is the cost of the airplanes. Boeing and Airbus are the two major providers of aircrafts to the industry. Other than that the Airports Authorities are the other major service providers to the airline industry. Airline fuel is a nonher major product the the industry buys from external suppliers. The industry itself provides the rest major services- Flight operations, aircraft maintenance, passenger service ( (in- escapism food, flight attendants) and Aircraft traffic services (baggage and passenger handling).Governmental FactorsAs mentioned earlier government factors play a handsome role in the industry. The growth of the industry post the 1976 deregulation illustrates this point. Government policies that bear upon the economy besides vex a big partake on the industry profits as was seen during the 1990 global recession and the 2001 US economic downturn. Wars and Geopolitical tensions that impact the airline fuel supplies also pose threat to the industry.Environmental FactorsEnvironmental factors such as bad weather conditions can force planes to be delayed, canceled or even to divert to other airport. In such cases the airlines are forced to pay for lodging and meals o f the affect passengers and in some cases refund tickets. An extreme sample of this is the airline disruption caused by the ash from the volcanic clap in Iceland in 2010. It could flummox cost the industry more(prenominal)(prenominal) than $1.7 bln harmonize an estimate by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). trade place StructureThe airlines industry has undergone major changes since 1978 collectible to the deregulation and the economic liberalization, where restrictions on the routes and fares charged were removed. Thus in order to obtain the cost economic and to concentrate traffic to one airport the Hub-and-spokes was created to move passengers from smaller cities and self-contained a group of passengers in a major city airport to be transported from a major hub of one city to another major hub. This new system allows the airline industry to retain the oligopolistic grocery due to the huge barriers that obstruct challenger. From one hand the government regulations established barriers for airports such us a slot management system that demonstrate on that point is a failure in the investment of governments in adequate infrastructure, entrance cons askts due to exclusive leasing arrangements and gates usage in congested cities is constrictive the entry disdain the share usage between airlines.Airlines need matter of course because they have invested billions of dollars in aircraft. They must be certain they will have access to the infrastructure for the next 25-30 years and this is why historic (grandfather) rights are appropriate. (Airlines International, 2010). On the other hand the hub and spoke system allows major airline firms to restrict the entrance of new competitor, because they have captured the mart of small and big cities with a large economy of scale and a big profit margin, price flexibility, and other rights give care reserved slots that was very difficult to be matched by new airlines, protecting them from new competitors developing a bestride oligopoly where the prices are set by the leaders and the others airlines followed, practicing parallel pricing.All the studies reviewed suggested that despite the benefits of airline deregulation, there are many factors that go alongd preventing airlines to get advantage of this economic deregulation due not only to the airport restrictions nevertheless also due to computer-reservation systems, benefits of frequent-flyer programs, economies of scale of operation. This fact can be shew after the deregulation when many new airlines attempted to get into the market but the majority failed due to the high cost associated with gates, slots and other airports facilities did not let them to compete with prices as a result this new competitors were acquired by the already established ones. (Seng, 2007)According to RITA, the U.S., Research and Innovative Technology federal part Transportations statistics the largest carrier for domestic market from M ay 2011 by dint of April 2012 was Delta followed by Southwest and American (see table No.1.) It is important to mention that with the uniting of United and Continental, they could become the largest carrier if the tendency remains. (Jenkins, 2011) As we can observe, the 55.9% of the market is hold by Delta, Southwest, American, and United,. In order to open the market for new carriers and generate airfare competition the government has to work on expanding the access to new gates, baggage claim areas and slots, otherwise the existent oligopolistic market will come just about prevailing. labor DemandThe US airline industry demand is affected by the current market that has generated unstable conditions due to the high habituation and reaction to many factors like regulation, fuel price, inflation, pledge and competition. In addendum this industry was also affected by the financial crisis during 2009 that had a with child(p) impact in market demand, thought due to the revival o f the economy the travel demand has started improving since 2010. According to RITA There were 2.1 percent few passengers in the April 2009 to April 2010 period compared to April 2008 to April 2009. From the year ending April 2010 to the year ending in April 2011, system wide passenger poem on US airlines change magnitude 2.9 percent (Smallen,2011) As a result of the deregulation of the airline industry in 1979 the traffic of passengers increased and the ticket prices decreased. In this environment there was more competition and less demand, the operating cost and margin profit were affected and the major firms filed for bankruptcy falling from six major airlines (united, America, Delta, Eastern, TWA, and genus Pan Am) to three by 1991 (United, American and Delta).The new challenge for airlines was reconfigured routes and making improvements in capacity and utilization to reach the expected efficiency and offer best service to the general humankind. Indeed security had a undis charged impact on the demand of airlines. After attack of 9/11 domestic passengers demand went down by more than 30 percent, which caused a reduction on routes and numbers of flights not to mention that planes were grounded and thousands of workers were laid off. To rebuild the semipublic confidence in the air transportation, both airlines and government started working together. These security measures have managed to allay the public fear. According to Bisignani, scorn severe shocks in recent years-including the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and outbreaks of avian flu-the demand for air travel is at platter levels and is expected to grow an average of 6 percent each year for the foreseeable future. People need to fly. More important, people want to fly. ( Bisignani,2006)The peak in oil prices during 2008 and the financial crisis during 2009 affected and slowed down the numbers of passengers ,specially leisure travelers, as the prices of oil pushed up fares, and peoples availabl e income decreased. The demand for business travel also shifted left. The industry responded with fiercely competing on the airfare which resulted in huge revenue losses and forced major airlines like American Airlines to be restructured. The airline industry overcame this crisis due to peoples need to fly for business and personal purposes and due to the absence of any other alternate mode of long-distance transportation. The use of utility(a)s such car, train diminishes with distance travelled. This demonstrates that the demand for air transportation is inelastic for longer flights and for business purposes.The lack of substitutes let the airline industry to move without a corporeal external competitor, the passenger trains, bus and personal automobiles are not a viable option for traveling long distances and for business travel. In appendage for leisure purposes the demand is more elastic because travelers are more in all probability to change destination or postpone trips ex pecting lower ticket prices. notwithstanding the events of security breaches, wars and the economy, the demand for air flight has increased and is expected to continue increasing. The airlines continue to compete among themselves with pricing and offering complementary goods such hospitality, policies, car rental, hotels and tourist packages as the opportunities to improve their sales.Cost structureIn the airlines industry, fix be are high, while changeable cost tend to be low. Costs are dictated and unsettled at varied points in cartridge clip. That is, the eonframe in this market is important to categorize cost on their congeneric to output. With the commoditization of air travel, cost structure is now a key supremacy factor in the industry. Central cost items are fuel, capital and operate be. Costs in fuel prices, which are exogenous as is the sequence series for the average fuel efficiency of planes constant dollar tot per seat mile that grows at the rate indicat ed by the Producer equipment casualty Index and wages, which are establish on several factors, such as inflation, industry margins, and average worker tenure. Concerning wages, they are stock-still cost in short term decisions and variable in the longer term, where total wage costs change in relation to volume of activity as a result of recruitment, retirement, and dismissals. Consequently, effective management of fuel, maintenance, and labor costs is mandatary in the current environment in this industry (Harmsen, 2007). Fixed costs are costs that are unaffected by changes in volume.These costs are always constant even when production varies. One suit of amend cost is rent of premises. In the extremely short term, all costs are fixed, while all costs may be regarded as variable in the very long term, which will be described later, in this section. A good example to illustrate could be long-term leasing aircraft leasing contracts. In the short ply the airline would be ineffectua l to avoid these payments no matter how it adjusts output. Therefore, lease payment is a fixed cost in the short run, but in the long run they are variable, because contractual obligations will expire (Vasigh, Fleming, & Tacker, 2008). Variable costs are costs that increase or decrease with fluctuations in production. In the aviation market, infrastructure, exsert, and the bulk of the fuel are often placed in the variable cost bracket.These normal variable costs are then alter by the eect of congestion, since large load factors add costs from increased services, cancellations, and many other sources. As mentioned on the fore above, costs in the airlines industry are fixed and variable at polar points in time. For the purpose of pricing, for instance, a cost structure is required that expresses the time horizon at which different cost categories may be considered fixed and variable. We will describe them with at least three different time spans medium-long term, short term, and v ery short term, as follows. * Medium-long term once the schedule is in place, the costs of operating air services are comparatively fixed. This means that capital costs for aircraft, pilots wages, technical staff and other competent labor cannot be influenced.* Short-term once the carrier decides to embark on the flight, all costs under the medium-long term heading become fixed as do the costs for infrastructure charges (except passenger service charges), wear and the bulk of the fuel. * Very short term the costs for ticketing, food, travel agency commissions, and extra fuel consumption due to the advent of an extra passenger become fixed once the carrier has decided to accept a ticket reservation. Moreover, wage, capital, and fuel costs are decided to a great extremity in markets where it may reasonably be assumed that a single carrier has little influence over prices. Experience shows, however, that major carriers are able to influence all the above costs by means of negotiatio n. It is very difficult to observers outside the airline industry to assess the extent of these potential negotiating gains.Analysis of Competitive Forces (Porters five forces)The threat of entry by new competitorsThe threat of entry by new competitors in the Airline Industry is moderate. Being a capital intensive industry, new entrants would require large amounts of money. However, with easy access to bank loans and credit the likeliness of new airlines entering the market has risen. There are still a lot of barriers to entry in the industry. Higher Oil prices would require the airline to operate at full capacity to be profitable and smaller airports do not provide sufficient passenger traffic.New entrants would also have difficulty getting gates at the airports which major airlines use as their hubs. This acts as a barrier for them to operate on more lucrative routes. Major airlines also have stronger brand recognition and have garnered customer loyalty through their frequent fly er programs. Skybus Airlines, Independence Air, ATA Airlines and Maxjet Airways are among the most recent examples of new entrants that have failed to survive in the industry. in time Virgin America, the most successful of new carriers, has so far failed to turn a profit since entering the market 5 years ago. So while entering the new market might be easy, success stories such as that of Southwest & AirTran & JetBlue have been far and few.Pressure from substitute productsThe pressure from substitute products is weak for the American airline industry. Air travel beingness the fastest way to travel from one origin to another has no true substitute. Lack of extensive and long distance public transportation system inwardly US reduces the likelihood of someone taking a train or bus to their destinations. Furthermore, time consumption and gadget would also discourage customers to take these options or to drive themselves.However emerging technologies could, in a long run, generate vi able substitutes. For instance, more and more companies adopting video-conferencing could impact business travel for meetings and discussions. People could opt for using online chat to virtually meet with their friends and family instead of spending large amounts of money on airline travel. The intensity of rivalry among existing competitorAirline industry is exceedingly competitive as there are several airlines operating on the corresponding routes. These airlines compete by trying to differentiate themselves from others by providing different services low-fares, frequent flyer membership privileges, no baggage fee, no cancellation fee etc. Competition between the majors and the low-cost carriers has resulted in a downward pressure on the fares, benefiting the travelers but at the same time lowering the revenue for the airlines (see figure). This combined with lower demand and intemperance capacity has lead to a consolidation trend in the industry. new-fashioned consolidations include United & Continental, Delta & Northwest and Southwest & Airtran. Such consolidations could lead to monopolisation of a market where the majors already rule the roost.The Bargaining billet of emptorsThe buyers are the passengers, for either business or leisure purposes. In the aviation market, the bargaining power of buyers is quite low. The power that airline customers have varies based on the options available to them and the origin-destination city pair. Even though there are high costs involved with switching airplanes, there is not practically ability to compete on service. For instance, the seat in one airline is probably not more comfortable than another, unless a potential buyer is analyzing a luxury liner.Other macro environmental trends are the weather, which is variable and unpredictable, and may shut down airports and cancel flights and airport capacities. Hence, there are pockets where some airlines have pricing power. In this case, the overall airline indu stry is characterized by significant buyer power stemming from the intense price competition among airlines (Sundaresa, 2009). Since the concentration and size of the buyers in the airlines industry is relatively lower than the number of suppliers it is not difficult to observe that buyers are more aware of the price, product, and services and discounts available at their disposal.The bargaining Power of SupplierThe three major inputs for the airline industry are airplanes, labor and fuel. In terms of suppliers of commercial airplanes there are three major Air Bus, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas, it seems like this few suppliers will have great power in the industry but instead they compete between themselves developing technology, capacity of passengers, mechanics reading and giving solutions to improve cost effective exploitation of airplanes between others.The stake input is labor such as pilots, mechanics, ground personnel and flight attendants , in general they are unionized pl aying a little role in the industry. According to IATA About half of all workers in the air transportation industry are unionized, 49.3% of workers being union members and 51.6% being covered by collective bargaining agreements in 2006 (http//www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Hirsch_Unions_ engage.pdf) The fuel is an important variable due to the price and its volatility but the market has many suppliers that compete to sell large volumes of fuel but they do not control the price because it is an external factor. (Hirsch, 2007)ConclusionThe growth in the airlines industry shows no signs of slowing. The recent industry-wide shakedown will have far-reaching effects on the industrys trend towards expanding domestic and international services. Despite the events of security breaches, wars and the economy, the demand for air flight is expected to continue increasing. The airlines continue to compete among themselves with pricing and offering complementary goods such hospitality, policies, car rental, hotels and tourist packages as the opportunity to improve their sales. The industrys challenges for the 21st snow are the rising costs of fuel, labor, maintenance and security, the impact of technology, such as telecommunication and video conferencing, as well as bankruptcies and shutdowns. However, the overall aspect of demand has been consistently increasing. Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing freedom.This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. Moreover, in the aviation market, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, impartiality arrangements, mergers, or takeovers. In summary, the perspectives for the airline industry are bright and it also holds many challenges. Macro-external environment may directly affect is prof itability and operation. utter cost airlines have radically altered the nature of competition within the industry. For low cost, the airlines companies should continue maintaining the existing business model by reducing the cost to improve their product. Turning a profit in a competitive industry with high fixed costs isnt about gouging consumers on baggage fees. Rather, its about paying careful attention to numerous behind-the-scenes expenses, and looking for opportunities to charge passengers for optional extras while guardianship ticket prices low.ReferencesLee, Tail (2002). Competitive Airlines. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http//www.scribd.com/doc/58820847/31/The-cost-structure-of-the-airline-industrypage=53 Pierson, Kawika (2011). Cyclical dynamics of airlines industry profits. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http//willamette.academia.edu/KawikaPierson/Papers/461653/Cyclical_Dynamics_of_Airline_Industry_Profits Sundaresa, Sankar R. (2009). Introduction analysis of the airline industry. Retrieved July 17, 2012 from http//bcs.solano.edu/workarea/mgarnier/MGMT%2050/Southwest%20Porters%20-%20Brief%202.pdf The industry handbook The airline industry. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http//www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/airline.aspaxzz20tWDcbCM Using macro and micro environment analytical techniques provide a comparative analysis of leadership and the external environment for the following four airlines AirTran, Delta, West Jest, and Air Canada. (n.d.) Retrieved July 8, 2012 from http//www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-management-essays/environmental-analytical-techniques/Smallen Dave (2011) April 2011 Airline System Traffic Up 1.4 Percent fromApril 2010. 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